Effect of Appearance Instrumentality on the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery: Moderated Mediation Effects of Ambivalent Emotions toward Attractive Friends and Appearance Appreciation
Citation Kim, S. (2021). Effect of appearance instrumentality on the acceptance of cosmetic surgery: Moderated mediation effects of ambivalent emotions toward attractive friends and appearance appreciation. International Journal of Costume and Fashion, 21(1), 38-53.
Abstract
This study examined the moderated mediation effect of appearance appreciation on the mediated relationship among appearance instrumentality, ambivalent emotions toward attractive friends, and the acceptance of cosmetic surgery. The research model included four hypotheses to examine this moderated mediation effect. Data were collected through an online survey, and a final sample of 651 Korean women in their 20s to 40s was analyzed. The data were analyzed using Baron and Kenny's method and a moderated mediation method with SPSS Macro. The results showed that the awareness of appearance instrumentality influenced the acceptance of cosmetic surgery, and ambivalent emotions toward attractive friends mediated this influence. Additionally, the effect of ambivalent emotions toward attractive friends on the acceptance of cosmetic surgery was mediated by the degree of appearance appreciation indicating that high levels of appearance appreciation counterbalanced the effect, and low levels of appearance appreciation reinforced the effect. This study verifies that one’s the degree appearance appreciation could offset the social influence of accepting cosmetic surgery.
Keywords:
Appearance instrumentality, Acceptance of cosmetic surgery, Ambivalent emotions toward attractive friends, Appearance appreciation, Moderated mediationAcknowledgments
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2018S1A5B5A07073377)
References
- Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Armstrong, T., & Detweiler-Bedell, B. (2008). Beauty as an emotion: The exhilarating prospect of mastering a challenging world. Review of General Psychology, 12(4), 305-329. [https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012558]
- Avalos, L., Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. (2005). The body appreciation scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 2, 285-297. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.06.002]
- Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173]
- Bauman, Z. (1991). Modernity and ambivalence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Bleske-Rechek, A., & Lighthall, M. (2010). Attractiveness and rivalry in women’s friendships with women. Human Nature, 21(1), 82-97. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-010-9081-5]
- Boroughs, M., & Thompson, J. K. (2002). Exercise status and sexual orientation as moderators of body image disturbance and eating disorders in males. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(3), 307-311. [https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10031]
- Calinescu, M. (1987). Five faces of modernity: Modernism, avant-garde, decadence, kitsch, postmodernism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Frieze, I. H., Olson, J. E., & Russell, J. (1991). Attractiveness and income for men and women in management. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21(13), 1039-1057. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00458.x]
- Gim, W. S. (2007). Korean overall body esteem scale(KOBES): Development, validation, and gender differences. Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 12(2), 231-253.
- Gim, W. S., Kwon, J. H., & Ryu, Y. (2010). Social instrumentality of appearance: Scale development and validation. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 15(3), 549-568. [https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2010.15.3.011]
- Halliwell, E. (2013). The impact of thin idealized media images on body satisfaction: Does body appreciation protect women from negative effects? Body Image, 10(4), 509-514. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.07.004]
- Hayes, A. (2013). Integrating mediation and moderation analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Henderson-King, D., & Henderson-King, E. (2005). Acceptance of cosmetic surgery: Scale development and validation. Body Image, 2(2), 137-149. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.03.003]
- Jung, J., & Lee, S. H. (2006). Cross-cultural comparisons of appearance self-schema, body image, self-esteem, and dieting behavior between Korean and U. S. women. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 34(4), 350-365. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X06286419]
- Kaiser, S. B. (1990). The social psychology of fashion: Symbolic appearance in context (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Macmillan.
- Karakayali, N. (2009). Social distance and affective orientations. Sociological Forum, 24(3), 538-562. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01119.x]
- Kim, H., & Damhorst, M. L. (2010). The relationship of body-related self-discrepancy to body dissatisfaction, apparel Involvement, concerns with fit and size of garments, and purchase intentions in online apparel shopping. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 28(4), 239-254. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X10379266]
- Kim, I. J., Lee, S. I., & Lee, S. (2010). A qualitative study on intergenerational ambivalence of mothers with preschool children. Family and Environment Research, 48(5), 73-85. [https://doi.org/10.6115/khea.2010.48.5.073]
- Kim, J. H., & Lennon, S. J. (2007). Mass media and self-esteem, body image, and eating disorder tendencies. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 25(1), 3-23. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X06296873]
- Kim, J., & Rhee, E. (2007). A study on ambivalent consumption in the purchase behavior of apparel products. Journal of the Korean Society of Costume, 57(2), 172-189.
- Kim, S., & Lee, Y. (2012). What is beauty? Aesthetic cognition of Korean Women in their 20s and 30s. Journal of Consumer Studies, 23(2), 351-382.
- Kim, S., & Lee, Y. (2018). Why do women want to be beautiful ? A qualitative study proposing a new “human beauty values” concept. Plos One, 13(8), e0201347. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201347]
- Langlois, J., Roggman, L., Casey, R., Ritter, J., & Rieser-Danner, L. (1987). Infant preferences for attractive faces: Rudiments of a streotype? Developmental Psychology, 23(3), 363-369. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.3.363]
- Lee, M.-S. (2012). The effects of social instrumentality of appearance on body satisfaction and appearance management behaviors of female adolescents. Journal of the Korea Fashion & Costume Design Association, 14(4), 163-177.
- Lee, M., & Son, E. (2015). Development and validation of the appearance appreciation scale. Korean Journal of Counseling, 16(6), 199-218. [https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.16.6.201512.199]
- Lee, S., & Oh, K.-J. (2006). The effects of emotional awareness deficit, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, emotional expressivity on psychological maladaptation of middle-aged, married women. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25(1), 113-128.
- Lim, I.-S. (2004). The experience and intention of cosmetic surgery in the looks-discriminatory society. Journal of Korean Women`s Studies, 20(1), 95-112.
- Liviatan, I., Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2008). Interpersonal similarity as a social distance dimension: Implications for perception of others’ actions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(5), 1256-1269. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.007]
- Losada, A., Pillemer, K., Márquez-González, M., Romero-Moreno, R., & Gallego-Alberto, L. (2017). Measuring ambivalent feelings in dementia family caregivers: The caregiving ambivalence scale. Gerontologist, 57(3), 37-46. [https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw144]
- Martz, D. M., Handley, K. B., & Eisler, R. M. (1995). The relationship between feminine gender role stress, body image, and eating disorders. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19(4), 493-508. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00088.x]
- Mongrain, M., & Zuroff, D. C. (1994). Ambivalence over emotional expression and negative life events: Mediators of depressive symptoms in dependent and self-critical individuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 16(3), 447-458. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90071-X]
- Moon, H., & Choo, H. J. (2008). The effects of clothing consumption values on ambivalent clothing consuming behavior. Journal of the Korean Society of Costume, 58(2), 1-14.
- Mulford, M., Orbell, J., Shatto, C., & Stockard, J. (1998). Physical attractiveness, opportunity, and success in everyday exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 103(6), 1565-1592. [https://doi.org/10.1086/231401]
- National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency. (2014). Identification of the current status of cosmetic surgery and development of user information books. https://www.neca.re.kr/SKIN_DIR/doc.html?fn=9284320140818103043.pdf&rs=/upload/synap/202101, /
- Otness, C., Lowrey, T. M., & Shrum, L. J. (1997). Toward an understanding of consumer ambivalence. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(1), 80-93. [https://doi.org/10.1086/209495]
- Park, J. S., Kim, I. S., Hyun, M. H., & Yu, J. (2008). The effects of emotional awareness deficit, emotional expressivity, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness on somatization, depression and stress experience frequency. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 13(8), 571-581. [https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2008.13.3.002]
- Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses : Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), 185-227. [https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170701341316]
- Reilly, A., & Rudd, N. A. (2009). Social anxiety as predictor of personal aesthetic among women. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 27(3), 227-239. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X08329645]
- Roszell, P., Kennedy, D., & Grabb, E. (1989). Physical attractiveness and income attainment among Canadians. The Journal of Psychology, 123(6), 547-559. [https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1989.10543009]
- Rudd, N A, & Lennon, S. J. (2000). Body image and appearance-management behaviors in college women. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 18(3), 152-162. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X0001800304]
- Rudd, N. A., & Carter, J. (2006). Building positive body image among college athletes: A socially responsible approach. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 24(4), 363-380. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X06293073]
- Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5]
- Seo, J.-S. (2018). Verification of the validity of BAS (Body Appreciation Scale): Targeting dancers. Korean Journal of Sports Science, 27(4), 755-765. [https://doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2018.08.27.4.755]
- Shiota, M. N., & Kalat, J. W. (2017). Emotion (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Inc.
- Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422-445. [https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422]
- Slevec, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2010). Attitudes toward cosmetic surgery in middle-aged women: Body image, aging anxiety, and the media. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(1), 65-74. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01542.x]
- Son, E. (2012). Critical factors of the intention of plastic surgery among women: A comparison of young and middle-aged groups. Korean Journal Of Counseling And Psychotherapy, 24(1), 149-173.
- Stokes, R., & Frederick-Recascino, C. (2003). Women’s perceived body image: Relations with personal happiness. Journal of Women and Aging, 15(1), 17-29. [https://doi.org/10.1300/J074v15n01_03]
- Sun, L. D., & Lee, M. (2018). A study on cosmetics purchasing behaviors of chinese male consumers according to social instrumentality of appearance and appearance orientation. Journal of the Korea Fashion & Costume Design Association, 20(3), 33-48.
- Sung, Y. S., Park, E. A., Lee, J. W., & Kim, W. S. (2009). Psychological power of beauty: Focused on gender difference and life-down difference. Korean Journal of Consumer and Advertising Psychology, 10(3), 461-488.
- Swami, V. (2009). Body appreciation, media influence, and weight status predict consideration of cosmetic surgery among female undergraduates. Body Image, 6(4), 315-317. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.07.001]
- Swami, V., Hadji-Michael, M., & Furnham, A. (2008). Personality and individual difference correlates of positive body image. Body Image, 5, 322-325. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.03.007]
- Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2012). Construal level theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 118-134). New York, NY: Sage. [https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n7]
- Trope, Yaacov, & Liberman, N. (2003). Temporal construal. Psychological Review, 110(3), 403-421. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.403]
- Trope, Yaacov, & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440-463. [https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018963]
- Tylka, T. L., & Wilcox, J. A. (2006). Are intuitive eating and eating disorder symptomatology opposite poles of the same construct? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(4), 474-485. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.474]
- Tylka, T. L., & Wood-barcalow, N. L. (2015). The body appreciation scale-2 : Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 12, 53-67. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.006]
- Wang, Y., Fardouly, J., Vartanian, L. R., & Lei, L. (2019). Selfie-viewing and facial dissatisfaction among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model of general attractiveness internalization and body appreciation. Body Image, 30, 35-43. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.05.001]
- Xu, X., Mellor, D., Kiehne, M., Ricciardelli, L. A., McCabe, M. P., & Xu, Y. (2010). Body dissatisfaction, engagement in body change behaviors and sociocultural influences on body image among Chinese adolescents. Body Image, 7(2), 156-164. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.11.003]
- Yao, L., Niu, G., & Sun, X. (2021). Body image comparisons on social networking sites and Chinese female college students’ restrained eating: The roles of body shame, body appreciation, and body mass index. Sex Roles, 84(7-8), 465-476. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01179-1]